Logical operators

The conditional statements are often too complicated to be expressed by using only the relational operators. Logical operators can be used to combine conditions.

!	!p	Not (negation) !p is true if p is false
&&	p && q	And (conjugation) p && q is true if both p and q are true
||	p || q	Or (disjunction) p || q is true if either p or q is true

An important feature of the && || operators is that they, unlike arithmetic operators, do not always evaluate their second operand. The operands are evaluated one at a time from left to right and no more operands are evaluated when the result can be deducted. This is called short-circuit evaluation. One expression can be used to guard a potentially unsafe operation. For example: a possible division-by-zero:

int distance = 0;
int speed = 0;
int time = 0;
//...
if( speed != 0 && distance % speed == 0 )
{
     time = distance / speed;
}

where the short-circuit evaluation of && guarantees that an attempt to get the remainder from the division-by-zero or the division-by-zero never occur.

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